Art Blog

05 Paintings by the Orientalist Artists in the Nineteenth-Century, with footnotes, 12

Adolf Schreyer, 1828 - 1899, GERMAN

ARAB HORSEMAN

Oil on canvas

82.5 by 68cm., 32½ by 26¾in.

Private collection

Adolf Schreyer (July 9, 1828 Frankfurt-am-Main – July 29, 1899 Kronberg im Taunus) was a German painter, associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. He studied art, first at the Städel Institute in his native town, and then at Stuttgart and Munich. He painted many of his favourite subjects in his travels in the East. He first accompanied Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis through Hungary, Wallachia, Russia and Turkey; then, in 1854, he followed the Austrian army across the Wallachian frontier. In 1856 he went to Egypt and Syria, and in 1861 to Algiers. In 1862 he settled in Paris, but returned to Germany in 1870; and settled at Cronberg near Frankfurt, where he died.

Schreyer was, and is still, especially esteemed as a painter of horses, of peasant life in Wallachia and Moldavia, and of battle incidents. His work is remarkable for its excellent equine draughtsmanship, and for the artist's power of observation and forceful statement; and has found particular favour among French and American collectors. Of his battle-pictures there are two at the Schwerin Gallery, and others in the collection of Count Mensdorff-Pouilly and in the Raven Gallery, Berlin. More on Adolf Schreyer

Charles Landelle, 1821 - 1908, FRENCH

L'ORIENTALE

Oil on canvas

55.5 by 38.5cm., 22 by 15in.

Private collection

Zacharie Charles Landelle, born on 2 June 1821 In Laval, the October 13 , 1908 In Chennevières-sur-Marne, is a French painter and portraitist. Born to a modest family. In 1857 he married Alice Letronne, daughter of the general of the guard Jean-Antoine Letronne who saved the National Archives in 1848 . Two sons, Georges and Paul, were born of this union, all of whom died during the lifetime of their father.

He followed his father to Paris 1827. He only return to his hometown only at the end of his life.

He developed a talent and a very solid craft at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris where he was admitted in 1837 as a pupil of Paul Delaroche and Ary Scheffer . At the beginning of his career, he painted several portraits to support himself. Influenced by Italian paintings after traveling in the South of France and Italy, he made copies of some of the paintings by the great masters of the Renaissance at the Louvre.

His portraits and large religious paintings were instantly successful, and allowed him to gain the recognition of the high society of the nineteenth century. Napoleon III admired him very much, bought from him the two canvases of the Beatitudes ( 1852 ) to offer them to the city of Laval. He received numerous state commissions.

From his travels in North Africa and the Middle East in the 1860s , he created works that were often very successful. His first voyage to Morocco dates from 1866. In 1866 he painted Femme Fellah, which earned him the nickname of a painter of the fellahs , a work purchased by the Emperor for his personal collection, but destroyed in the fire at the Château de Saint-Cloud in 1870. A replica, executed By Charles Landelle, is preserved in the museum of the Old Castle of Laval.

In 1875 , he is in Egypt, and travels the Nile with the explorer Mariette . He travelled each year to the East, or Algeria and returned with paintings. At the end of his life, Charles Landelle encouraged the creation in Laval of a museum of painting which he inaugurated in 1895, at the height of his glory, alongside the President of the Republic : it is the current Science Museum. More on Zacharie Charles Landelle

Frederick Arthur Bridgman, 1847 - 1928, AMERICAN
HALT IN THE DESERT
Oil on panel
18.5 by 23.5cm., 7¼ by 9¼in.
Private collection

Frederick Arthur Bridgman (November 10, 1847 - 1928) was an American artist, born in Tuskegee, Alabama. The son of a physician, Bridgman would become one of the United States' most well-known and well-regarded painters and become known as one of the world's most talented "Orientalist" painters. He began as a draughtsman in New York City, for the American Bank Note Company in 1864-1865, and studied art in the same years at the Brooklyn Art Association and at the National Academy of Design; but he went to Paris in 1866 and became a pupil of Jean-Leon Gerome. Paris then became his headquarters. A trip to Egypt in 1873-1874 resulted in pictures of the East that attracted immediate attention, and his large and important composition, The Funeral Procession of a Mummy on the Nile, in the Paris Salon (1877), bought by James Gordon Bennett, brought him the Cross of the Legion of Honor. Other paintings by him were An American Circus in Normandy, Procession of the Bull Apis (now in the Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.), and a Rumanian Lady (in the Temple collection, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). More on Frederick Arthur Bridgman

Blas Olleros Y Quintana (Spanish, 1851–1919)

THE PERSIAN BATH

Oil on canvas

123.5 by 92cm., 48¾ by 36¼in

Private collection

Blas Olleros y Quintana was a Spanish visual artist who was born in 1852. Many works by the artist have been sold at auction, including 'In a Persian Bath' (above)sold at Sotheby's London 'European Paintings' in 2012. More on Blas Olleros y Quintana

Emile Cambiaggio, 1857 - 1930, ITALIAN

UNE CHARMEUSE, The charmer

Oil on canvas

141 by 204cm., 55½ by 80in.

Private collection

Emile Cambiaggio, 1857 - 1930, ITALIAN was a French visual artist who was born in 1857. Several works by the artist have been sold at auction, including 'Une charmeuse' (above)sold at Christie's London '19th Century European Art' in 2003. More on Emile Cambiaggio

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05 Painting, Streets of Paris, by the artists of the time, Part 16 - With Footnotes

Manfred Lindemann-Frommel, 1852 - 1939, GERMAN

THE PORTE SAINT MARTIN, c. 1891

Oil on canvas

59 by 73.5cm., 23 by 29in.

Private collection

The Porte Saint-Martin is a Parisian monument located at the site of one of the gates of the now-destroyed fortifications of Paris. It is located at the crossing of Rue Saint-Martin, Rue du Faubourg Saint-Martin and the grands boulevards Boulevard Saint-Martin and Boulevard Saint-Denis.

The Porte Saint-Martin was designed by architect Pierre Bullet at the order of Louis XIV in honor of his victories on the Rhine and in Franche-Comté. Built in 1674, it replaced a medieval gate in the city walls built by Charles V. It was restored in 1988. More on The Porte Saint-Martin

Eugène Galien-Laloue, (1854-1941)
Quais de Paris, Oil, c. 1920
Oil on canvas
44 x 65.5 cm
Private collection

The painting shows a part of the Seine dockside with fishermen, merchants, ships and the cityscape in the background

Eugène Galien-Laloue (1854–1941) was a French artist of French-Italian parents and was born in Paris on December 11, 1854. He was a populariser of street scenes, usually painted in autumn or winter. His paintings of the early 1900s accurately represent the era in which he lived: a happy, bustling Paris, la Belle Époque, with horse-drawn carriages, trolley cars and its first omnibuses. Galien-Laloue's works are valued not only for their contribution to 20th-century art, but for the actual history, which they document. His work can be seen at the Musée des Beaux-Arts, Louvier; Musée des Beaux-Arts, La Rochelle; Mulhouse, France.

A typical Galien-Laloue painting depicts sidewalks and avenues crowded with people or tourists mingling before the capital's monuments. He also painted the landscapes of Normandy and Seine-et-Marne, as well as military scenes he was commissioned to produce in 1914. The Republic of France selected Galien-Laloue to work as a 'war artist,' both during the Franco-Prussian War and World War I, chiefly in watercolor. More on Eugène Galien-Laloue

Eugene Galien-Laloue, (French, 1854-1941)

Au Bord de la Seine

Oil on canvas

19 x 25 inches.

Private collection

From the Louvre to the Eiffel Tower, from the Place de la Concorde to the Grand and Petit Palais, the evolution of Paris and its history can be seen from the River Seine. The Cathedral of Notre-Dame and the Sainte Chapelle are architectural masterpieces while Haussmann's wide squares and boulevards influenced late 19th- and 20th-century town planning the world over. More on Banks of the Seine

Eugene Galien-Laloue, (French, 1854-1941), see above

Pascale Taurua, France, b. 1961

du côté de Paris

Oil on canvas

47.2 H x 47.2 W x 1.2 in

Private collection

A french girl taking a break on a "haussmannien" balcony.

Haussmann's renovation of Paris was a vast public works program commissioned by Emperor Napoléon III and directed by his prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, between 1853 and 1870. It included the demolition of medieval neighborhoods that were deemed overcrowded and unhealthy by officials at the time; the building of wide avenues; new parks and squares; the annexation of the suburbs surrounding Paris; and the construction of new sewers, fountains and aqueducts. Haussmann's work was met with fierce opposition, and he was finally dismissed by Napoleon III in 1870; but work on his projects continued until 1927. The street plan and distinctive appearance of the center of Paris today is largely the result of Haussmann's renovation. More on "haussmannien" architecture

Pascale Taurua is a painter born in 1961, in the French Polynesia. Her father was a carpenter, so she had access from an early age to different materials, which influenced her to start making her first creations. But it was her grandmother and her passion for fabrics, which taught Pascale everything about colors.

After studying at the Conservatory of Art in Papeete,Tahiti, Pascale decided to travel a lot in order to discover new sources of inspiration, colors and patterns, it was as well an opportunity for her to turn definitively to the field of design and painting.

It was also during her trips that Pascale experimented with a new technique that consisted in taking off posters and then modified them by adding paint, following the dripping technique inspired by Jackson Pollock.

Between paintings and collages, Pascale Taurua's pieces are a combination of street art and a more academic art, the artist loves the balance between softness and vitality, tenderness and strength which can be appreciated in all her pieces. More on Pascale Taurua

FRANCOIS GEROME, French (b. 1895)
Portrait of Woman with Dog at Les Champs Elysee Paris
Oil on canvas

24 x 30 inches

Private collection

The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is an avenue in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, running between the Place de la Concorde and the Place Charles de Gaulle, where the Arc de Triomphe is located. It is known for its theatres, cafés, and luxury shops, for the annual Bastille Day military parade, and as the finish of the Tour de France cycle race. The name is French for the Elysian Fields, the paradise for dead heroes in Greek mythology. It is one of the most famous streets in the world. More on the Champs-Élysées

François Gérôme (born 1895 in Paris) was a French painter. He is best known for his paintings of women depicted at picturesque spots throughout Paris including the Place de la Concorde and in front of the Opéra. In these representations, the women usually engage the viewer with their frontal pose and direct gaze outward. Gerome used oils, typically on canvas or on board. He signed his paintings with his first initial and last name, but was also known to sign in his alias B. Kovacs. More on François Gérôme

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03 Paintings by self-taught Algerian artist in the U.S. for the first time

Baya Mahieddine (1931–1998)

Femme attablées (Women at table), 1947

Gouache on board

19 1/2 x 25 3/8 in

Collection Adrien Maeght, Saint-Paulde-Vence, France

Baya: Woman of Algiers is the first North American exhibition of works by the self-taught Algerian artist Baya Mahieddine (1931–1998). Known as Baya, she was born in Bordj el-Kiffan and orphaned at age five. Encouraged by her adoptive French mother to pursue art, she began as an adolescent to paint gouaches and make ceramics. Her work was soon discovered by fabled gallerist Aimé Maeght who, along with André Breton, organized an exhibition in Paris in 1947. Baya’s colorful depictions of women, rhythmic patterns, and bright palette drew the attention of Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso, with whom she later collaborated in the renowned Madoura pottery studio in Vallauris. Celebrated in both Algeria and France, Baya has yet to gain international recognition. Woman of Algiers reexamines Baya’s career within contemporary, Surrealist, “outsider,” and Maghreb post-colonial art contexts. The exhibition features works drawn from the Maeght Family Collection, Paris, as well as several Madoura ceramics by Picasso and a video by London-based French-Algerian artist Zineb Sedira. Baya is curated by Natasha Boas and will be accompanied by an illustrated catalogue with essays by Boas, André Breton, Assia Djebar, and Menna Ekram. More on this exposition at New York University’s Grey Art Gallery

MAHIEDDINE BAYA (1931-1998)

Mother and children, 1969

Gouache and watercolor on paper, signed lower right

99 x 148 cm at sight - 39 x 58 1/4 in.

Private collection

Baya MAHIEDDINE known as BAYA (1931-1998)

Basket of fruits and birds, c. 1979

Gouache on black canson,

51 x 101 cm

Private collection

04 Painting, Streets of Paris, Part 15 - With Footnotes

Edouard-Léon Cortès, (French, 1882-1969)

Gare de l'Est, 1964

Oil on canvas

18 x 21-3/4 inches (45.7 x 55.2 cm)

Private collection

Gare de l'Est, officially Paris-Est, is one of the six large train termini in Paris. It is one of the largest and the oldest railway stations in Paris.

The Gare de l'Est was opened in 1849 under the name "Strasbourg platform." This platform corresponds today with the hall for main-line trains, and was designed by the architect François Duquesnay.

Renovations to the station followed in 1885 and 1900. In 1931 it was doubled in size, with the new part of the station built symmetrically with the old part.

At the top of the west façade of the Gare de l'Est is a statue by the sculptor Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire, representing the city of Strasbourg, while the east end of the station is crowned by a statue personifying Verdun, by Varenne. These two cities are important destinations serviced by Gare de l'Est.

On 4 October 1883, the Gare de l'Est saw the first departure of the Orient Express for Istanbul.

In the main-line train hall, a monumental painting by Albert Herter, Le Départ des poilus, août 1914 dating from 1926, illustrates the departure of these soldiers for the Western front More on Gare de l'Est

Edouard Léon Cortès (1882–1969) was a French post-impressionist artist of French and Spanish ancestry. He is known as "Le Poete Parisien de la Peinture" or "the Parisian Poet of Painting" because of his diverse Paris cityscapes in a variety of weather and night settings. Cortes was born in Lagny-sur-Marne, about twenty miles east of Paris. His father, Antonio Cortès, had been a painter for the Spanish Royal Court.

Although Cortès was a pacifist, when war came close to his native village he was compelled to enlist in a French Infantry Regiment at the age of 32. As a contact agent Cortès was wounded by a bayonet, evacuated to a military hospital, and awarded the Croix de Guerre. After recovery he was the reassigned to utilize his artistic talent to sketch enemy positions. Later in life his convictions led him to refuse the Légion d'Honneur from the French Government. In 1919 he was demobilized.

Cortès lived a simple life amid a close circle of friends. He died on November 28, 1969, in Lagny, and has a street named in his honor. More on Edouard Léon Cortès

Jean Béraud, (French, 1849-1935)

L'Arc de Triomphe, Champs-Elysées, circa 1882-85

Oil on canvas

22-1/2 x 15-1/4 inches (57.2 x 38.7 cm)

Private collection

Honoring those who fought and died for France during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile stands at the center of the present work by Jean Béraud, the master of Belle Époque Parisian painting. Béraud presents the prototypical view of the Champs-Élysées: fashionably dressed figures stroll under the trees and others ride in carriages down the busy avenue. Many have commented on Beraud's realistic portrayal of everyday life at the fin-de-siecle and this attention to detail extends to his meticulous depiction of a plaster sculpture that surmounted the Arc itself at the time-Alexandre Falguière's The Triumph of the Revolution. As one of the finest sculptors to practice during the Second Empire, Falguière conceived his monumental plaster sculpture as an elaborate quadriga preparing to "crush Anarchy and Despotism", a worthy commentary on the political vagaries that had beset France in the past. The plaster group was in place from 1882 until it crumbled in 1886. Unfortunately, no version in bronze was commissioned; there is only a maquette of the sculpture in the collection of the Musée d'Orsay, and, of course, images such as Béraud's Arc de Triomphe. More on this painting

Jean Béraud (January 12, 1849 – October 4, 1935) was a French painter, noted for his paintings of Parisian life during the Belle Époque. He was renowned in Paris society due to his numerous paintings depicting the life of Paris, and the nightlife of Paris society. He also painted religious subjects in a contemporary setting. Pictures of the Champs Elysees, cafeés, Montmartre and the banks of the Seine are precisely detailed illustrations of everyday Parisian era of the "Belle Époque". More Jean Béraud

Antoine Blanchard, (French, 1910-1988)

Arc de Triomphe

Oil on canvas

18 x 15 inches (45.7 x 38.1 cm)

Private collection

Arc de Triomphe, see above

Antoine Blanchard is the pseudonym under which the French painter Marcel Masson (15 November 1910 – 1988) painted his immensely popular Parisian street scenes. He was born in a small village near the banks of the Loire.

Blanchard received his initial artistic training at the Beaux-Arts in Rennes, Brittany. He then moved to Paris in 1932 where he joined the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. He won the Prix de Rome.

Like Édouard Cortès (1882–1969) and Eugène Galien-Laloue (1854–1941), Antoine Blanchard essentially painted Paris and the Parisians in bygone days, often from vintage postcards. The artist began painting his Paris street scenes in the late 1950s, and like Cortès, often painted the same Paris landmark many times, in different weather conditions or various seasons. The most recurrent topics were views of the capital city in cloudy or rainy days, showing streets busy with pedestrians in a rush to go home, and bright storefronts reflecting on wet streets.

Antoine Blanchard died in 1988. More on Antoine Blanchard

Paul Signac, (French, 1863-1935)

Paris, le Pont des Arts, circa 1925

Watercolor and crayon on paper

10-1/4 x 16 inches (26.0 x 40.6 cm)

Private collection

The Pont des Arts or Passerelle des Arts is a pedestrian bridge in Paris which crosses the River Seine. It links the Institut de France and the central square (cour carrée) of the Palais du Louvre, (which had been termed the "Palais des Arts" under the First French Empire); between 1802 and 1804, under the reign of Napoleon I

In 1976, the Inspector of Bridges and Causeways reported several deficiencies on the bridge. More specifically, he noted the damage that had been caused by two aerial bombardments sustained during World War I and World War II and the harm done from the multiple collisions caused by boats. The bridge would be closed to circulation in 1977 and, in 1979, suffered a 60-metre collapse after a barge rammed into it.

The present bridge was built between 1981 and 1984 "identically" according to the plans of Louis Arretche.

The bridge has sometimes served as a place for art exhibitions, and is today a studio en plein air for painters, artists and photographers. The Pont des Arts is also frequently a spot for picnics during the summer. More on The Pont des Arts

Paul Signac, (born Nov. 11, 1863, Paris, France—died Aug. 15, 1935, Paris) French painter who, with Georges Seurat, developed the technique called pointillism.

When he was 18, Signac gave up the study of architecture for painting and, through Armand Guillaumin, became a convert to the colouristic principles of Impressionism. In 1884 Signac helped found the Salon des Indépendants. There he met Seurat, whom he initiated into the broken-colour technique of Impressionism. The two went on to develop the method they called pointillism, which became the basis of Neo-Impressionism. They continued to apply pigment in minute dabs of pure colour, as had the Impressionists, but they adopted an exact, almost scientific system of applying the dots, instead of the somewhat intuitive application of the earlier masters. In watercolours Signac used the principle in a much freer manner. After 1886 he took part regularly in the annual Salon des Indépendants, to which he sent landscapes, seascapes, and decorative panels. Being a sailor, Signac traveled widely along the European coast, painting the landscapes he encountered. In his later years he painted scenes of Paris, Viviers, and other French cities.

Signac produced much critical writing and was the author of From Eugène Delacroix to Neo-Impressionism (1899) and Jongkind (1927). The former book is an exposition of pointillism, while the latter is an insightful treatise on watercolour painting. More on Paul Signac

02 Painting, Streets of Paris, by John Singer Sargent, Part 14 - With Footnotes

John Singer Sargent, (1856–1925)

A Parisian Beggar Girl, circa 1880

Oil on canvas

64.5 × 43.7 cm (25.4 × 17.2 in)

Terra Museum of American Art, Chicago, IL

By ‘79 Sargent begins his major portraits and he never particularly showed any desire to paint scenes of Parisian life, opting for more exotic locals for his subject paintings, this was probably done when he was studying with Carolus-Duran's atelier.

Carmela Bertagna has been identified as the model in the Parisian Beggar Girl, which is hanging at the Terra Museum in Chicago. Carmela posed for many of Sargent's dancers and figures in interiors. More on this painting

A Parisian Beggar Girl was first exhibited in 1906 as Spanish Beggar Girl. The confusion of the two titles may be explained by the possibility that the model, Carmela, was a Parisian of Spanish or Italian descent who posed for a portrait by Sargent dated to around the time he painted A Parisian Beggar Girl. More on this painting

John Singer Sargent, (1856–1925)

Carmela Bertagna, c. 1879

Oil on canvas

59.69 x 49.53 cm (23.5 x 19.5 in.)

Columbus Museum of Art

Very little is known about Carmela's life, except that she lived with her mother and brother. Her father is unknown. She and her family had to work in order to make ends meet for themselves. She is of Spanish descent and modelled with various artists, including John Singer Sargent. Her Mediterranean Latin looks fascinated Sargent, who was captivated by magnificent Rosina Ferrara of Capri a year earlier. More on Carmela Bertagna

John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American artist, considered the "leading portrait painter of his generation" for his evocations of Edwardian era luxury. During his career, he created roughly 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as countless sketches and charcoal drawings. His oeuvre documents worldwide travel, from Venice to the Tyrol, Corfu, the Middle East, Montana, Maine, and Florida.

His parents were American, but he was trained in Paris prior to moving to London. Sargent enjoyed international acclaim as a portrait painter, although not without controversy and some critical reservation; an early submission to the Paris Salon, his "Portrait of Madame X", was intended to consolidate his position as a society painter, but it resulted in scandal instead. From the beginning his work was characterized by remarkable technical facility, particularly in his ability to draw with a brush, which in later years inspired admiration as well as criticism for a supposed superficiality. His commissioned works were consistent with the grand manner of portraiture, while his informal studies and landscape paintings displayed a familiarity with Impressionism. In later life Sargent expressed ambivalence about the restrictions of formal portrait work, and devoted much of his energy to mural painting and working en plein air. He lived most of his life in Europe. More John Singer Sargent

05 Paintings, of The amorous game, Part 4 - With Footnotes

Jack Vettriano, O.B.E., B.1951

THE BIG TEASE

Oil on canvas

61 by 51cm., 24 by 20in.

Private collection

Jack Vettriano, OBE (né Jack Hoggan, born 17 November 1951), is a Scottish painter. His 1992 painting, The Singing Butler, became a best-selling image in Britain.

Jack Vettriano grew up in the industrial seaside town of Methil, Fife. He was raised in poverty, and lived with his mother, father and older brother in a spartan miner’s cottage, sharing a bed with his brother and wearing hand-me-down clothes. From the age of 10, his father sent him out to earn money. His father took half his earnings. Vettriano left school at 16.

Much of his art education came from studying paintings at the Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery. Controversial. Professional art critics do not seem to like his work, but the public does.

In February 2011, it was announced that Vettriano's self-portrait The Weight would be displayed at the re-opened Scottish National Portrait Gallery from November 2011, the first time he had exhibited at a national gallery. First Minister, Alex Salmond said of Vettriano, "He is a wonderful artist of considerable talent and achievement and this is a magnificent tribute to the special place he holds in the hearts of people in Scotland."

In September 2013, a major retrospective of Vettriano's work opened at Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. 'Jack Vettriano: A Retrospective' ran until 23 February 2014 and featured over 100 works. More on Jack Vettriano

Jack Vettriano, O.B.E., B.1951

STUDY FOR PINCER MOVEMENT

Oil on canvas

38 by 30.5cm., 15 by 12in.

Private collection

Jack Vettriano, OBE (né Jack Hoggan, born 17 November 1951), see above

Jack Vettriano, O.B.E., B.1951

PINCER MOVEMENT

Giclee Print, published 2006

72 x 58 cm (28 x 23 in)

Private collection

The pincer movement is a tactic in which forces attack both sides of an enemy formation at the same time. The pincer movement can be used when opposing forces advance towards the center of an army. That army responds by moving its outside forces to the enemy's flanks to surround it. More on The pincer movement

Jack Vettriano, OBE (né Jack Hoggan, born 17 November 1951), see above

Eugène Delacroix, (1798–1863)

The Duke of Orléans showing his Lover, circa 1825-26

Oil on canvas

Height: 35 cm (13.8 in). Width: 25.5 cm (10 in).

Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid, Spain

A young Lord shows his Lover’s Body to a Courtier, The Duke of Burgundy shows his Lover to the Duke of Orléans, The Duke of Burgundy revealing his Lover, and The Duke of Orléans showing his Lover to the Duke of Burgundy. Titles used for this work and which indicate the confusion over its subject matter.

The matter was resolved in 1965 when the poet Louis Aragon discovered the literary source that may have inspired the artist. This is a passage in the Histoire des ducs de Borgogne by Barante, republished in 1824. It describes how the Duke of Orléans displayed the naked body of his lover Mariette d’Enghien, wife of his former chamberlain Aubert le Flamenc, to her husband, concealing her face. Her husband failed to recognize her. More on this painting

Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school.

As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish author Walter Scott and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to the classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault, Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron, with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime", of nature in often violent action.

However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire, "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible." More on Ferdinand VictorEugène Delacroix

Alfred Glendening Jr., (British, 1861-1907)

The courtship

Watercolour heightened with white

52 x 75cm (20 1/2 x 29 1/2in).

Private collection

Alfred Glendening Jr. (British, 1861-1907): This Victorian landscape artist was born in London and began his adult life as a railway clerk. Not much information exists to explain when and where he received his artistic interest and training, but in 1864 he exhibited his first work at The Royal Society of British Artists, Morning on Grassmore Lake. From that point on, he became a frequent exhibitor at the Society, as well as the Royal Academy (RA).

The English landscape was his specialty – depicting views of the Thames and scenes in Wales and Scotland. These works often featured small figures by the riverside or swans on the water. His landscapes are filled with subtle shades of color. More on Alfred Glendening Jr

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04 Paintings, Streets of Paris, by its Artists, 19 and 20 Centuary. Part 12 - With Footnotes

Constantin Kluge, French, 1912-2003

Notre-Dame (Dessin), c. 1963

Oil on canvas

28 3/4 x 28 3/4 inches (73 x 73 cm)

Private collection

Constantin Kluge (1912–2003) was an award winning painter originally from Russia. Raised mostly in Manchuria and Beijing, Kluge eventually settled in Paris and became a French citizen. He is known for his French landscapes and romantic scenes of Paris.

Kluge was born into a family of means and some status. His paternal grandfather had spent years in France studying the cultivation of vines and wine making. Returning to Russia he developed a successful winery. Kluge's father, also Constantin, was a member of the Russian Army General Staff and a White Army sympathizer. Kluge's mother, Liouba Ignatieva, was an academic who also came from a military family. When his parents met, young Liouba was serving as tutor to the children of Russian Grand Duke Michel, the younger brother of Czar Nicholas II. The family moved often, following Constantin Sr.'s deployments with the counter rebellion armies. Each move seemed to take the family further and further east as the revolution spread and the White Sympathizers controlled a decreasing part of the country.

Kluge settled in Paris in 1950 and soon thereafter found representation in a French gallery on Rue Saint-Honore. In 1964 he became a citizen of France. He died on 9 January 2003 in France. More on Constantin Kluge

Michael Schofield, b. 1947
Parisian Streets
Mixed Media
26x30
Private collection

Schofield was born in 1947. His art teacher at Oakland High School recognized that Michael had an exceptional talent, and for nearly two years he tutored the youth privately. After a stint in the military, Schofield went to art school in Nashville, Tennessee. During the summers he would journey to Woodstock, New York, in order to study with watercolorist John Pike, an esteemed member of the National Academy of Art and the American Watercolor Society.

Schofield soon opened his own art studio, where he painted and taught for more than a decade. He returned to California in 1980 to set up a silk-screen printing studio in order to be able to create his own original serigraphs. He wanted to be involved in every step of the intricate and exacting process of serigraph, from fabricating the stencils to adding the final finishing touches of color.

Schofield believes that the primary aspiration of art is to communicate a shared perception, from the artist to the viewer of his art: "I choose to create more traditional landscapes because they involved imagery most people can relate to. In sharing a place I have known, I know that others will see places they have known. In that way, I can communicate with others without using a single word." More on Michael Schofield

Jules René Hervé, (French, 1887-1981)

Notre-Dame Cathedral from Quai de Montebello

Oil on canvas

66 x 81cm (26 x 31 7/8in)

Private collection

The Quai de Montebello is located on the Left Bank of the Seine, in the 5th arrondissement, between the Petit Pont and the Pont de l’Archevêché. A great place for a walk in the capital, it offers an unrestricted view of Notre-Dame Cathedral (above). There are a number of restaurants along the quayside closest to the Latin Quarter. Every year in mid-September, travelling markets from the South-West set up here for 3 days of musical and gastronomical celebrations. More on The Quai de Montebello

Jules René Hervé (French, 1887-1981), an impressionist of our time, is the very type of artist who has worked a lot on his own, indifferent to the fashion and to outside trends. He has never ceased to deepen the technical secrets of his art; and after 50 years of artistic experience, he has arrived at complete mastery of the science of this art which absorbs him.

Born in 1887 in Langres, he began his art studies in an evening school of his hometown. He came to Paris where he first continued his studies at the School of Decorative Arts and then at the Fine Arts School.

He exhibited his works for the first time at the Salon of French Artists in 1910. He was one of the most important members of this group. Obtaining his teaching diploma, he started teaching. From 1911 to 1943 he taught painting to many generations of young artists. In 1914 he received a first silver medal from the association of French Artists, but afterwards he unfortunately had to join the army for the duration of the war.

J.R. Herve is both a painter of daily country themes in which there are characters at their daily tasks, and a painter of Parisian scenes. Paris as seen by Herve is a city of poetry. The "City of Lights" under its most touching aspects, and at its most charming. It is a real part of Paris, with its sentimental life, feelings, her special character, that inspire Herve to paint. More on Jules René Hervé

Jules René Hervé (French, 1887-1981)

Les bouquinistes

Oil on card

21.9 x 27.3cm (8 5/8 x 10 3/4in).

Private collection

The Bouquinistes of Paris, France, are booksellers of used and antiquarian books who ply their trade along large sections of the banks of the Seine: on the right bank from the Pont Marie to the Quai du Louvre, and on the left bank from the Quai de la Tournelle to Quai Voltaire. The Seine is thus described as 'the only river in the world that runs between two bookshelves'. More The Bouquinistes

Jules René Hervé (French, 1887-1981), see above

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